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222.112.27.241222.124.17.227222.136.105.226222.139.11.66222.172.32.246222.173.120.6222.241.251.8222.253.112.245222.255.115.237223.17.0.181223.74.180.213223.104.55.198223.104.83.33223.171.77.102223.197.248.209223.215.160.122223.241.247.214223.245.214.109223.252.34.39213.237.79.142

45.43.33.21845.148.10.0/2459.45.170.11966.63.187.20381.30.107.0/2493.123.109.185122.160.128.150143.110.152.102178.16.52.0/24183.131.243.102193.138.195.91194.165.16.163195.158.26.59196.251.92.141196.251.92.207198.55.98.176198.55.98.212213.209.157.16514.18.77.99176.46.138.56185.208.156.50

윈도우를 사용하다보면 특정 프로그램들이 원하지 않는데 자동으로 업그레이드 되는 경우가 종종 발생하는데요.윈도우 방화벽을 사용해서 원천적으로 업그레이드를 금지시키는 방법에 대해서 알아보도록 하겠습니다.먼저 윈도우의 검색에서 "제어판"을 검색합니다.제어판 창이 뜨면 거기서 "윈도우 방화벽 - Windows Defender 방화벽"을 선택합니다좌측에서 "고급 설정"을 선택합니다.좌측에서 "아웃바운드 규칙"을 선택하고 우측에 있는 "새 규칙"을 클릭합니다.좌측에서"프로그램"을 선택 후 자동 업데이트를 차단할 프로그램의 경로를 지정해줍니다.다음 팟 플레이어를 구버전으로 사용하길 원하기 때문에 다음 팟 플레이어의 업데이트를 금지했습니다.도메인, 개인, 공용의 3개 옵션을 모두 선택합니다. (기본적으로 선택)방화벽에서 차단하는 것이기 때문에 차단에 대한 이름과 설명을 설정할 수 있습니다.여기까지 완료하시면 윈도우가 해당 프로그램에 대해 인터넷 사용을 금지시키기 때문에자동 업데이트가 이뤄지지 않습니다.

Nginx 방식Nginx에는 RewriteRule이 없고 try_files를 사용합니다. 예시:server { listen 80; server_name example.com; root /var/www/html; index index.php index.html; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ $uri.php; } location ~ \.php$ { include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php8.1-fpm.sock; # PHP-FPM 소켓 또는 127.0.0.1:9000 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_index index.php; }}동작 원리 /test 요청 → try_files가 순서대로 확인: /var/www/html/test (파일) /var/www/html/test/ (디렉토리) /var/www/html/test.php (php 파일) 만약 test.php가 있으면 PHP-FPM으로 전달됨. 따라서 주소창엔 .php 안 붙여도 됩니다.PHP 전용 경로 제한 (보안) 보통 .php를 직접 노출하지 않고 싶다면 .php 요청을 막고 위 규칙만 허용하는 방법도 있습니다:location ~ \.php$ { return 404; # 직접 .php 호출 차단}캐싱 및 SEO 고려 .php 숨기면 URL이 "정적인 URL"처럼 보여서 SEO에도 이점이 있음. 하지만 .php와 .php 없는 버전이 둘 다 접근 가능하다면 중복 콘텐츠가 됩니다. → 해결: .php 직접 접근 시 301 리다이렉트 처리.location ~ \.php$ { if ($request_uri ~ ^(.+)\.php$) { return 301 $1; # .php 빼고 리다이렉트 }}

Apache 방식Apache에서는 보통 이렇게 씁니다 (.htaccess):RewriteEngine OnRewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME}.php -fRewriteRule ^([^/]+)/?$ $1.php [L]

USB 메모리 포맷 오류 해결: DiskPart를 활용한 수동 복구 가이드​USB 메모리는 이동성과 편리성 때문에 개인과 기업에서 널리 사용되는 저장 장치입니다. 하지만 사용 특성상 데이터를 반복적으로 쓰고 지우다 보면 **“포맷을 완료할 수 없습니다”**라는 오류를 만나게 되는 경우가 있습니다. 이는 단순한 파일 시스템 손상일 수도 있고, 플래시 메모리 칩 자체의 물리적 문제일 수도 있습니다.보증 기간이 남아 있다면 교체가 가장 확실한 방법입니다. 그러나 이미 보증 기간이 지났다면 마지막으로 시도해볼 수 있는 방법이 바로 Windows의 내장 도구인 DiskPart를 이용한 수동 복구 방식입니다.DiskPart란?DiskPart는 Windows에 내장된 명령줄 기반 디스크 관리 유틸리티로, 디스크 파티션 관리 포맷 및 초기화 활성 파티션 지정 등 고급 디스크 작업을 지원합니다. GUI 환경(디스크 관리 도구)에서 실패하더라도 DiskPart로는 성공할 가능성이 있기 때문에, 포맷 불가 USB를 복구하는 최종 수단으로 활용됩니다.복구 절차아래는 USB 메모리 포맷 오류 발생 시 DiskPart를 활용한 복구 단계입니다. 1. DiskPart 실행 Windows 검색창 → diskpart 입력 → 관리자 권한 실행 CMD(Command Prompt) 창이 열리고 DiskPart가 로드됨 2. 디스크 선택 list diskselect disk X ← (X는 대상 USB 디스크 번호)● 연결된 디스크 목록에서 USB 메모리 식별● 번호를 반드시 확인해야 하며, 잘못 선택하면 다른 디스크의 데이터가 모두 삭제될 수 있음 3. 디스크 초기화clean● 디스크를 완전히 초기화● 메시지: “DiskPart에서 디스크를 정리했습니다” 4. 파티션 생성create partition primaryselect partition 1active● 기본 파티션 생성 및 활성화● 메시지: “DiskPart에서 지정한 파티션을 만들었습니다” 5. 파일 시스템 포맷format fs=fat32 quick● FAT32 파일 시스템으로 빠른 포맷 진행● 성공 시 “100 퍼센트 완료” 메시지 확인추가 옵션● NTFS로 포맷: format fs=ntfs quick● exFAT으로 포맷: format fs=exfat quick→ 대용량 파일(4GB 이상)을 자주 사용하는 경우 권장 6. 종료exit복구 실패 시 나타나는 오류 메시지 “지정한 디스크가 유효하지 않습니다” “선택한 디스크가 없습니다” “DiskPart에서 다음 오류가 발생했습니다” “장치가 준비되지 않았습니다” “자세한 내용은 시스템 이벤트 로그를 참조하십시오” 이 경우는 물리적 손상이나 컨트롤러 불량 가능성이 높아 추가 복구는 어렵습니다. 전문 복구 업체 의뢰 외에는 사실상 사용 불가하다고 판단해야 합니다.추가 참고 사항 안전한 디스크 선택 필수 select disk 단계에서 잘못 선택하면 중요한 데이터를 잃을 수 있습니다. 반드시 USB의 용량을 확인하고 선택하세요. 파일 시스템 선택 기준 FAT32: 범용성 높음, 단일 파일 4GB 제한 NTFS: 대용량 파일 저장 가능, Windows 친화적 exFAT: Windows/Mac/Linux에서 모두 호환, 대용량 파일 지원 물리적 불량의 경우 NAND 플래시 메모리 셀 자체의 손상은 소프트웨어적으로 해결할 수 없습니다. 이런 경우 전문 데이터 복구 업체를 통한 칩 오프(Chip-Off) 방식 복구가 필요합니다.

실패한 로그인 시도 확인하는 방법sudo lastb예시 출력:user1 ssh:notty 192.168.1.5 Fri Aug 2 15:14 - 15:14 (00:00) root ssh:notty 203.0.113.8 Thu Aug 1 08:10 - 08:10 (00:00)user1, root: 로그인 시도한 사용자ssh:notty: 로그인 방식IP: 접속 IP시간: 시도한 시간최근 N개만 보기sudo lastb | head -n 20특정 아이디 제외한 최근 20건 보기lastb | grep -v '^root' | head -n 20

1. ipset 셋 생성ipset create myblocklist hash:netmyblocklist: set 이름hash:net: IP 대역(CIDR)을 허용하는 타입???? hash:ip은 단일 IP만 저장 가능???? hash:net은 IP 대역 (예: 192.168.0.0/24) 저장 가능2. IP 대역 추가ipset add myblocklist 192.168.100.0/24 ipset add myblocklist 10.10.0.0/163. iptables 또는 firewalld에 적용 iptables 직접 사용하는 경우:iptables -I INPUT -m set --match-set myblocklist src -j DROP 이렇게 하면 myblocklist에 포함된 IP 또는 대역에서 들어오는 요청은 모두 DROP 됩니다. firewalld와 함께 사용하는 경우:firewall-cmd --permanent --direct --add-rule ipv4 filter INPUT 0 -m set --match-set myblocklist src -j DROP firewall-cmd --reload ipset 상태 확인ipset list myblocklist 영구 적용을 위해 ipset은 기본적으로 비영구적입니다. 시스템 재부팅 후 유지하려면 수동 저장 및 복원이 필요합니다. 1. 저장ipset save > /etc/ipset.conf 2. 부팅 시 복원 설정 (예: systemd)/etc/systemd/system/ipset-restore.service 예제:[Unit] Description=Restore ipset rules Before=firewalld.service [Service] Type=oneshot ExecStart=/sbin/ipset restore < /etc/ipset.conf [Install]systemctl enable ipset-restore WantedBy=multi-user.target 정리작업명령IP 대역용 set 생성ipset create myblocklist hash:netIP 대역 추가ipset add myblocklist 1.2.3.0/24iptables에 연동iptables -I INPUT -m set --match-set myblocklist src -j DROPfirewalld에 연동firewall-cmd --permanent --direct --add-rule ...저장 및 복원ipset save > /etc/ipset.conf + systemdset 안의 특정 IP 또는 대역 삭제ipset del [set이름] [IP 또는 대역]

Match User sftpuser ChrootDirectory /home/sftpuser ForceCommand internal-sftp AllowTcpForwarding no X11Forwarding no기본 개념 SSH는 로그인 + SFTP + 포트포워딩 같은 기능을 모두 포함하고 있음. internal-sftp를 강제로 실행하면 쉘 접근은 막히고, SFTP만 동작함. 여기에 ChrootDirectory를 같이 써서 홈 디렉토리만 접근하도록 제한 가능.Match User : 해당 사용자만 적용ChrootDirectory : 루트 제한 (이 디렉토리는 root:root 소유여야 함)ForceCommand internal-sftp : 쉘 로그인 막고 SFTP만 허용AllowTcpForwarding no, X11Forwarding no : 다른 SSH 기능 차단

예전 Nginx (1.25 이전 버전)listen 443 ssl http2;신규 Nginx (1.25.1 이후)listen ... http2 방식이 deprecated(사용 중단 예정) 되었고, 대신 별도의 지시어 http2; 를 사용해야 합니다.listen 443 ssl;http2 on;

1️⃣ SFTP 전용 그룹 생성# 예: sftpusers 그룹 생성sudo groupadd sftpusersSFTP로 제한할 계정을 이 그룹에 넣습니다:sudo usermod -aG sftpusers username2️⃣ SSHD 설정 변경/etc/ssh/sshd_config 파일 열기:sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config파일 끝에 SFTP 전용 설정 추가:# SFTP 전용 설정Match Group sftpusers ChrootDirectory /home/%u ForceCommand internal-sftp AllowTcpForwarding no X11Forwarding noChrootDirectory /home/%u→ 계정 로그인 시 /home/username 을 루트(/)로 제한합니다.ForceCommand internal-sftp→ SSH 접속을 통한 쉘 사용 금지, SFTP만 허용3️⃣ 디렉토리 권한 설정 Chroot 디렉토리는 root 소유여야 하고, 쓰기 권한은 하위 디렉토리에만 줘야 합니다.# 루트 Chroot 디렉토리 소유자 rootsudo chown root:root /home/usernamesudo chmod 755 /home/username# 업로드/다운로드용 실제 작업 디렉토리 생성sudo mkdir /home/username/datasudo chown username:sftpusers /home/username/datasudo chmod 755 /home/username/data이렇게 하면 사용자는 /home/username 상위 디렉토리에는 쓰기/접근 불가실제 파일 작업은 /home/username/data 에서만 가능4️⃣ SSHD 재시작sudo systemctl restart sshd 5️⃣ 테스트외부 클라이언트에서 SFTP 접속 경로 상위로 접근 불가, 지정한 디렉토리만 접근 가능 pwd 명령으로 /가 실제 계정 홈 디렉토리로 제한되는지 확인요약항목설정접근 제한ChrootDirectory /home/%uSFTP 전용ForceCommand internal-sftp루트 디렉토리 권한root:root, 755실제 작업 디렉토리하위 디렉토리에 사용자 소유권

외부 서버에서 SSH 키 생성외부 서버에서 실행:ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "cert-sync"저장 경로: 그냥 엔터 → ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 에 저장됨 passphrase: 그냥 엔터 → 비밀번호 없음 생성된 파일: 공개키: ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub 비밀키: ~/.ssh/id_ed25519공개키를 내부 서버에 등록 외부 서버에서 내부 서버로 키 복사:ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub user@내부서버IP접속 테스트외부 서버에서 비밀번호 없이 접속되는지 확인:ssh user@내부서버IP

목표: 외부에서 Host의 65000, 65001 포트로 접속하면, Guest의 FTP 20, 21 포트로 포워딩.iptables (nft 사용 전 방식)# 외부 65000 → 게스트 21iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 65000 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.122.100:21# 외부 65001 → 게스트 20iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 65001 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.122.100:20# SNAT / MASQUERADEiptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o virbr0 -j MASQUERADE방화벽 설정 (firewalld 사용 시)firewall-cmd --permanent --add-forward-port=port=65000:proto=tcp:toaddr=192.168.122.100:toport=21firewall-cmd --permanent --add-forward-port=port=65001:proto=tcp:toaddr=192.168.122.100:toport=20firewall-cmd --reload확인외부 클라이언트에서:ftp -p <host_public_ip> 65000

1. 기본 CORS 원리브라우저는 출발 도메인(aa.aaa.com)과 응답 도메인(aaa.com)이 다르다고 판단 → CORS 헤더 필요. 즉, aaa.com 서버에서 Access-Control-Allow-Origin 등을 내려줘야 함.2. nginx 설정 예시(1) 단일 서브도메인 허용server { listen 443 ssl; server_name aaa.com; location / { # 실제 서비스 처리 proxy_pass http://backend; # CORS 허용 헤더 add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' 'https://aa.aaa.com' always; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE' always; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'Authorization, Content-Type' always; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' 'true' always; # Preflight (OPTIONS) 요청 처리 if ($request_method = OPTIONS) { add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' 'https://aa.aaa.com' always; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE' always; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'Authorization, Content-Type' always; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' 'true' always; return 204; } }}(2) 모든 서브도메인 허용 (정규식 매칭)nginx는 Access-Control-Allow-Origin에 와일드카드(*)를 쓰면 credentials(쿠키, 세션) 허용이 불가능해요. 그래서 보통 Origin 헤더를 읽어서 동적으로 반영합니다.map $http_origin $cors_origin { default ""; "~^https?://([a-z0-9-]+)\.aaa\.com$" $http_origin;}server { listen 443 ssl; server_name aaa.com; location / { proxy_pass http://backend; if ($cors_origin != "") { add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' $cors_origin always; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE' always; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'Authorization, Content-Type' always; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' 'true' always; } if ($request_method = OPTIONS) { return 204; } }}3. 체크리스트 프론트엔드 요청 코드: fetch나 axios 요청 시 credentials: 'include' 필요 여부 확인. SSL: 반드시 HTTPS 환경에서 테스트 (특히 크롬). OPTIONS 요청이 제대로 처리되는지 확인 (nginx에서 빠뜨리면 405 에러).

특정작업을 반복해야되는데 수동으로 하기에는 힘든점이 많다.이때 실행파일을 만든후 크론을 이용하여 등록하는 예제/usr/local/bin/call_urls.sh#!/bin/bash# 호출할 주소 목록urls=( "https://a.com" "https://b.com" "https://c.com" "https://d.com")for url in "${urls[@]}"; do curl -s -o /dev/null "$url"done:wqchmod +x /usr/local/bin/call_urls.sh/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////crontab -e0 23 * * * /usr/local/bin/call_urls.sh:Wq